etn - cwiczenia nr 4, WAT, SEMESTR V, elementy teori niezawodnosci, Etn - Zaliczenie, Etn - Zaliczenie, materialy kapalki - starsze
etyka biznesu- Materiały z wykładu (Wrocław), STUDIA, Studia ekonomiczne, etyka gospodarcza
Euro 2012 Technical Report, Piłka nożna, Materiały szkoleniowe, PREZENTACJE, prezentacje (mat.szkoleniowe)
ESO 1 - program, Akademia Morska -materiały mechaniczne, szkoła, Mega Szkoła, SEMESTR V, Silownie, Student Siłownie I, Wykład 1
Ewidencja materiałów bibliotecznych - rozporządzenie 2008, Bibliotekoznawstwo, Bibliotekoznawstwo 2, Zagadnienia prawne Normy
Euler’s function and Euler’s Theorem, materiały do olimpiady matematycznej, zbiory zadań opracowania, tutoriale, Teoria liczb
Esterazy z hipertermofili, st. Biotechnologia podręczniki, Materiały - Biotechnologia
ErgoEaser lista kontrolna klucz 1, Technik usług BHP materiały szkoła, Ergonomia, Ergonomia
European Union Legal Materials, Prawo Unii Europejskiej - EU Law
Euroklasy - Reakcja na ogień materiałów i wyrobów budowlanych - I. Hager, Budownictwo PK, Problemy bezp. pożarowego w inż. lądowej
Evaluation of Waste Tire Devulcanization Technologies, CHEMIA, chemia materiałów
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]Contractor’s Report to the Board
Evaluation of Waste Tire
Devulcanization Technologies
December 2004
Produced under contract by:
CalRecovery, Inc.
Zero Waste—You Make It Happen!
S
TATE OF
C
ALIFORNIA
Arnold Schwarzenegger
Governor
Alan C. Lloyd, Ph.D.
Secretary, California Environmental Protection Agency
•
I
NTEGRATED
W
ASTE
M
ANAGEMENT
B
OARD
Rosario Marin
Board Chair
Linda Moulton-Patterson
Board Member
Rosalie Mulé
Board Member
Michael Paparian
Board Member
Cheryl Peace
Board Member
Carl Washington
Board Member
•
Mark Leary
Executive Director
For additional copies of this publication, contact:
Integrated Waste Management Board
Public Affairs Office, Publications Clearinghouse (MS–6)
1001 I Street
P.O. Box 4025
Sacramento, CA 95812-4025
www.ciwmb.ca.gov/Publications/
1-800-CA WASTE (California only) or (916) 341-6306
Publication #622-04-008
Printed on recycled paper containing a minimum of 30 percent postconsumer content.
Copyright © 2004
by the California Integrated Waste Management Board. All rights reserved. This
publication, or parts thereof, may not be reproduced in any form without permission.
Prepared as part of contract number IWM-C2048X (total contract amount: $99,254.00,
includes other services).
The California Integrated Waste Management Board (CIWMB) does not discriminate on the basis of
disability in access to its programs. CIWMB publications are available in accessible formats upon request
by calling the Public Affairs Office at (916) 341-6300. Persons with hearing impairments can reach the
CIWMB through the California Relay Service, 1-800-735-2929.
Join Governor Schwarzenegger to Keep California Rolling.
Every Californian can help to reduce energy and fuel consumption. For a list of simple ways you
can reduce demand and cut your energy and fuel costs, Flex Your Power and visit
Disclaimer: This report to the Board was produced under contract by CalRecovery, Inc. The
statements and conclusions contained in this report are those of the contractor and not
necessarily those of the California Integrated Waste Management Board, its employees, or
the State of California and should not be cited or quoted as official Board policy or direction.
The State makes no warranty, expressed or implied, and assumes no liability for the
information contained in the succeeding text. Any mention of commercial products or
processes shall not be construed as an endorsement of such products or processes.
Table of Contents
i
Acknowledgements
This report was produced under contract by CalRecovery, Inc. (Concord, Calif.), in association
with KenaTech Process Engineering (Medina, Ohio), Dr. Avraam Isayev (Akron, Ohio), Ralph
Hoag Consulting (San Jose, Calif.), Katin Engineering Consulting (Antioch, Calif.), and
CalRecovery Europe, Ltd. (Leeds, United Kingdom).
ii
Executive Summary
This report presents the results of the evaluation of waste tire devulcanization technologies
performed by CalRecovery, Inc. under contract with the California Integrated Waste Management
Board.
Devulcanization is a potential method of recycling waste tire rubber. Devulcanized rubber is a
highly valued form of waste rubber since devulcanized material can be revulcanized into useful
products.
Approximately 25 potential devulcanization technology researchers and developers were
identified throughout the world and North America, including three in California. However, only
a very small number of devulcanization systems are now operating. These are primarily small-
capacity systems, which are devulcanizing natural or synthetic rubbers (as opposed to
devulcanizing the mixture of rubbers recovered from waste tires).
The general types of devulcanization technologies identified and analyzed in the study are shown
below.
Technology
Basis of Processing
Zone of Reaction
Chemical
Chemicals/chemical reactions
Surface of particles
Ultrasonic
Ultrasonic waves
Throughout particles
Microwave
Microwaves
Throughout particles
Biological
Microorganisms
Surface of particles
Other
Mechanical
Steam
Surface of particles
Key Findings
•
Reliable information and data on devulcanization of waste tire rubber are difficult to obtain
due to proprietary claims, efforts to hide poor or infeasible process performance and product
quality, and the limited number of technology researchers and developers and of peer-
reviewed data. Reliable data relating waste tire characteristics, devulcanized rubber quality,
end product performance, and production costs is scarce.
•
Only a very small number of low-capacity devulcanization systems are operating in the
United States (at approximately 100 lb/hr, all R&D scale, mechanical, or ultrasonic). No
proven commercial capacity units could be found that are currently devulcanizing waste tires,
for example, at 1000 lb/hr or greater. The likely reasons include insufficient product quality
and high costs of production.
•
In terms of the potential of producing high-quality devulcanized rubbers (for example, high
strength), the best technology appears to be ultrasonic, based on the current state of the art.
•
Devulcanization of single rubbers has much more history than that of multi-rubber mixtures
such as waste tires. Only a few companies devulcanize single formulation rubber as a result
of captive conversion or merchant scrap recovery from manufacturing. The production of
devulcanized rubber from home manufacturing scrap ranges from 100 to 200 million pounds
annually, which represents about 1 to 2 percent of total U.S. rubber consumption. The largest
volume devulcanization activity supports the domestic tire and rubber companies. Examples
1
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