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[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]CHAPTER 3
EVACUATION PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
INTRODUCTION
1.
As a result of a hazard impact or threat, evacuation of affected people may
need to be considered. This may involve a complex operation that has the
potential to place evacuees at some risk during its execution. Careful planning
can minimise the risks associated with the process of evacuation and planning
committees must take account of the following:
CONSIDERATIONS
The Decision to Evacuate
2.
Making the decision as to whether to evacuate or not will be assisted by the
availability of timely and relevant information. If the decision is made too early
and the hazard recedes, the evacuated community may have been exposed to
unnecessary risk, inconvenience and cost. If the decision is made too late, the
affected community may be forced to either evacuate under high-risk conditions
or to shelter in place and accept the effects of the hazard impact.
3.
While the nature of the hazard impact will be a primary consideration, an
effective evacuation plan supported by a current public education program will
facilitate decision making. Due to the complex nature of an evacuation
operation it must not be regarded as a secondary reaction to other risk
management strategies. The evacuation should be treated as a discrete
response operation. Chapter 4 provides detailed considerations in relation to
the decision to evacuate.
The Authority to Evacuate
4.
Evacuation planning must establish the legal basis for evacuation and any
conditions which apply. For example, in some States and Territories there is no
authority to force evacuation of people from properties in which they have a
pecuniary interest. Factors such as this must be taken into account during the
planning process as they may have a significant effect on how an evacuation is
implemented.
The Importance of Community Awareness and Education
5.
Community awareness and education are critical to the successful
implementation of an evacuation plan. A program should be instituted which
covers hazard information, the need to evacuate under certain prescribed
circumstances and specific action to be taken. The evacuation plan should
allocate responsibility for community awareness and education programs.
Raising awareness and educating the community should be done well before
hazard impact. For example, before the start of the hazard season in the case
of flood, cyclone, wildfire etc.
6.
An effective community education program should be designed to establish:
•
community awareness of the hazards which may lead to a requirement to
evacuate;
•
individual awareness of conditions, both pre-existing and hazard-related,
which would support a decision to either evacuate or shelter in place; and
•
community awareness of the need to heed warning and public information
messages.
7.
Effective public information should:
•
be complemented by the community education program;
•
employ a variety of media (print, electronic, community announcement,
word-of-mouth, etc) to disseminate information;
•
carry authoritative, credible, simple, direct and unambiguous information,
instructions and directions; and
•
provide timely and constant reinforcement.
Community awareness and education aspects are applicable to all stages
and should be continually reviewed to ensure appropriateness and
effectiveness.
Self-Evacuation
8.
Experience has shown that in the face of impending hazard impact or after
actual impact, many people will self-evacuate. That is to say they will make
their own decision to evacuate using their own means of transport. This
inevitable situation needs to be recognised in the planning process. Self-
evacuation has the potential to be beneficial in some circumstances as it
permits emergency services to focus on those most in need of assistance.
There may be a good case for actively encouraging self-evacuation in some
instances. If self-evacuation is considered in the planning process it may be
possible to provide some level of coordination. For example, evacuation routes
for self-evacuees could be designated. It is counter-productive to try to over-
regulate this process. Self-evacuees must be encouraged, through public
education programs, to register at either assembly areas or evacuation centres
and to leave some indication at the evacuated premises that they have, in fact,
evacuated and where they are going. Most States and Territories encourage
people to leave early if they intend to evacuate at all.
Risk to Emergency Workers
9.
During evacuations the risk to emergency workers can be high, especially in
situations where door-to-door warnings are being given. Emergency workers
becoming casualties may jeopardise the effectiveness of the evacuation
operation. The plan must consider all options available to minimise the risks to
emergency workers.
Need for Security of Evacuated Premises
10.
Perception of security of vacated property may have considerable influence on
the decision by individuals to evacuate or not. Hence, adequate security
arrangements need to be made for property being vacated and possessions left
behind. This will involve evacuees securing premises as well as an active
program of security checking.
Potential Risks in Moving People in Hazardous Situations
11.
Dislocation and the potential hazard-related dangers people may be facing are
likely to place them under considerable stress. Under these circumstances
people may not act as rationally as might normally be anticipated and they will
need to be treated with a greater deal of compassion and understanding. The
implications of this will need to be considered in the planning of all stages of
evacuation but particularly in the withdrawal.
Need for Control/Coordination
12.
Each stage of an evacuation may be the responsibility of a different agency.
The activities of each involved agency must be coordinated to ensure that the
overall process works efficiently. In some cases control/coordination of
evacuation responsibilities is specified in State/Territory relevant legislation and
arrangements. It is therefore important for the evacuation plan to clearly reflect
roles and responsibilities of all agencies involved. Control/coordination cannot
be effectively achieved without good communication between agencies.
Media
13.
Communication with media will require skilled liaison and a system for the
authorised release of current information. Planning should include identification
of any agency media responsibilities in accordance with State/Territory
arrangements. A media strategy should be developed and be in place prior to
activation of evacuation plans.
Special-Needs Groups in the Community
14.
The plan must take the social implications of special-needs groups into
account. For example, people with disabilities, people from non English-
speaking backgrounds, children and elderly people may react differently during
an evacuation. They may also have a range of differing needs. Critical aspects
include problems of communication, mobility and culture. Welfare of pets and
other animals should also be considered in the planning process.
TIME MANAGEMENT IN LARGE-SCALE EVACUATION
15.
Where large populations (possibly including whole towns or suburbs of cities)
need to be evacuated, it will be desirable to have calculated the time taken for
certain functions to be performed. These timings (detailed below) can be
incorporated into the plan:
Door-Knocking Resources
16.
The time needed, after the decision to evacuate has been made, to assemble
and brief door-knockers, to get them into the field, to carry out the task and
change shifts, can all be fairly accurately estimated and used in planning.
Transport Resources
17.
Community analysis should define the level of transport resources required in
different areas. Planning should be based on information such as the number
of households without access to motor vehicles and the number of buses
and/or train carriages required for the evacuation. The time required to marshal
these resources will be an important planning factor. Australian Bureau of
Statistics will be a useful source of information on vehicle ownership and other
relevant aspects of demography.
Time Required to Clear the Evacuation Area
18.
After evacuees have been advised of the need to leave, there will be a finite
time before movement actually occurs. In addition, there will be time taken to
move from origin (home) to a point of safety, for example, an assembly area.
Calculation of these times is important and may require traffic engineering
inputs to identify locations of possible bottle-necks and assess potential vehicle
flow-rates along required routes.
Planning Model
19.
An outline evacuation planning model is shown at Annex A to Chapter 8.
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]
