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13. 5. 2010 23:55
O
n my first day in Beijing, my roommate and old college friend Ann sent me off to IKEA with three of her best
Chinese friends. They picked me up in a red Volkswagen Santana and passed around a joint, blasting the Cure and
Sonic Youth the whole ride there. In the crowded cafeteria at IKEA, we ate Swedish meatballs, french fries, and kung
pao chicken, and then skated around the store with our shopping carts, stepping over the snoring husbands, asleep on
the display couches, and smiling at the peasant families taking family photos in the living room sets. I bought bedding
and some things for the kitchen, Da Li got a couple of plants, and Wang Xin bought a lamp. Traffic was bad on the
ride home; we were navigating through a snarl at an intersection when yet another car cut us off. Lu Bin stuck his
head out the window and bellowed “
傻
屄
!” “
Shǎbī
!” (
shah bee
), or “fucking cunt,” at the other driver, then placidly
turned down the music and, looking back, asked if I was a fan of Nabokov—he’d read
Lolita
in the Chinese
translation and it was his favorite book.
For the next few months, I was too terrified to leave the apartment by myself and go make other friends, having not
yet fully absorbed the fact that I’d left behind four years of life and a career in New York City and suddenly moved to
this new and crazy place. So with a few exceptions, those three boys and my roommate were the only people I hung
out with. Da Li owned an Italian restaurant, of all things, and we’d often meet there late in the evening and eat crème
brûlée or drink red wine or consume whatever else we could beg off of him for free, and then pile into his and Lu
Bin’s cars and head out on whatever adventure they had in mind. One night some big DJ from London was in town,
spinning at a multilevel megaclub filled with nouveau riche Chinese. I bounced around on the metal trampoline dance
floor and learned that the big club drink in China is whiskey with sweet green tea. Another night we headed to a
smoke-filled dive to see a jazz band. The keyboardist had gone to high school with Lu Bin in Beijing, studied jazz in
New York, and now sometimes performed with Cui Jian, a rock performer whose music, now banned from state
radio, served as an unofficial anthem for the democracy movement during the late 1980s. My friends had a party
promoter friend—a tiny, innocuous-seeming girl—who somehow got us into everything for free and would always
turn and grin after rocking out to a set by a death-metal band from Finland, or a local hip-hop crew, and shout out,
“
太牛
屄
!” “
Tài niúbī
!” (
tie nyoo bee
), or “That was fucking awesome!” Other nights the boys would want to drive
all the way to the Korean part of town, just to try out some Korean BBQ joint they’d heard about. And some nights
we’d just drive around aimlessly and
岔
chă
(
chah
), Beijing slang for “shoot the shit,” about music or art. Then we’d
go back to Lu Bin’s to drink beer and watch DVDs (pirated, of course).
Most nights ended with deciding to get food at four in the morning and driving to Ghost Street, an all-night strip of
restaurants lit up with red lanterns. There was one hot pot restaurant in particular that they liked, where, I remember,
one night a screaming match broke out between two drunk girls at a table near ours. It concluded with one girl
jumping up and shouting, “
操你
妈
!” “
Cào nǐ mā
!” (
tsow nee ma
), or “Fuck you!” before storming out the door. The
bleary-looking man left behind tried to console the other bawling girl, assuring her, “
没事，她喝醉了
” “
Méishì, tā
hēzuì le
” (
may shih, tah huh dzway luh
): “Don’t worry about it—she was totally wasted.”
Intermittently, some new girl, whom one of the boys had recently decided was the love of his life, would appear in
the group. There was a comic period when Da Li, who couldn’t speak any English, was
收
shōu
(
show
), or
screwing, a tall blonde who couldn’t speak any Chinese. Whenever they came out, one of us would inevitably get
roped into playing translator in the long lead-up to the moment when they would finally leave us to go back to his
place. You’d always get stuck repeating, over and over, some trivial thing that one had said to the other, and which
the other was fixating on, thinking something important had been said. “What’d she say again?” Da Li would shout
over the noise of the bar. “
酷
” “
Kù
” (
coo
), I’d yell back: “cool” in Chinese.
After a couple of years here, I’ve started taking Beijing for granted, and it’s harder for me to conjure up the same
sense of magic and wonderment I felt at every little detail during those first few months. But then I’ll go back home,
for a visit, to the United States and be reminded by the questions I’m asked of what a dark and mysterious abstraction
China remains for most of the world. “Does everyone ride bicycles?” “Are there drugs in China?” “What are
Chinese curse words like?” “Is there a hook-up scene? What’s dating like in China?” “What’s it like to be gay in
China? Is it awful?” “How do you type Chinese on a computer? Are the keyboards different?” “How do Chinese
URLs work?” One guy even asked, in gape-jawed amazement, if outsiders were allowed into the country.
Every time I hear these questions, I think back to those three boys who so strongly shaped my first impressions of
China and wish that everyone could share the experiences I had—experiences that were neither “Western,” as half
the people I talk to seem to expect, nor “Chinese,” as the other half expects, but rather their own unique thing. And
then I remember the way those boys and their friends spoke—the casual banter, the familiar tone, the many allusions
to both Western pop culture and ancient Chinese history; the mockery, the cursing, the lazy stoner talk, the dirty jokes,
the arguments, the cynicism, the gossip and conjectures and sex talk about who was banging whom, but most of the
time just the utterly banal chatter of everyday life—and I realize that one of the best ways to understand the true
realities of a culture, in all its ordinariness and remarkableness, is to know the slang and new expressions and
everyday speech being said on the street.
Hopefully, then, with the words in this book, some of those questions will be answered. Are there drugs in China?
There are indeed drugs and stoners and cokeheads and all the rest in China, and, contrary to popular belief, lighting
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13. 5. 2010 23:56
up a joint doesn’t instantly result in some sort of trapdoor opening in the sky and an iron-fisted authoritarian force
descending from above to execute you on the spot. There’s even a massive heroin problem in the country, discussed
in chapter 7. What about the gay scene? There is one and it’s surprisingly open, at least in the biggest cities. And I
hope that after reading through the sex terms in chapter 5, the prostitution terminology in chapter 7, and the abundance
of terms relating to extramarital affairs in chapter 4, we can put an end to those “exposés” about sex in China that are
always appearing in the Western media, predicated on an outdated assumption that Chinese people somehow don’t
have sex.
The Internet, in particular, is worth a special mention for its role in spreading slang and other new words. It was
the sudden appearance of Internet cafés in the 1990s, for example, that first helped popularize the concept of coolness
in China. The word
酷
kù
(
coo
), a transliteration of the English word “cool,” first appeared in Hong Kong and
Taiwan; young people in mainland China learned it over the Internet from their friends there and spread the term at
home. By the late 1990s,
kù
was known on most college campuses across China.
Here’s the thing: you can live in China forever—you can even live in China forever and speak great Chinese—and
fail to notice even the merest hint of the subcultures represented by the slang in this book. For many people, the
Chinese are the shy and almost absurdly innocent students in their classes, who look embarrassed at the merest
mention of dating or sex; the white-collar staff who never speak up at meetings and leave their Western bosses
convinced they’re incapable of expressing an opinion or thinking up an original idea; the prim, strict tutors who
conjure up an image of China as a land of studying machines; and the dolled-up, gold-digging girls who hang on the
arms of rich men in shady bars late at night.
These impressions of China are not inaccurate—they just aren’t everything. Pay just a little more attention and
you’ll notice a fuller array of people and have a more nuanced portrait of the life humming below the surface. You
may notice that on Thursday nights this one Italian sandwich shop fills up with gay men grabbing dinner before the
weekly gay night at the upscale bar around the corner, or that the old guy fixing bikes down the street is an ex-con
who spent a couple of decades in prison, or that the middle-aged couple snuggling in the booth near you at that Hong
Kong-style restaurant are clearly two married people having an affair, or that all the women’s bathrooms are locked
in this one public building nearby because there’s a flasher who lurks in the neighborhood.
I have a running gag with an American friend of mine who, despite two years of living in Beijing, insists she has
never
heard a single Chinese curse word. I bombard her with text messages and e-mails every single day, itemizing
every swear I hear on the street: 10:00 a.m.—middle-aged woman on bus yelling “Fuck!” into cell phone; 3:30
p.m.—two college-age guys walking behind me while standing at ATM saying, “That fucking shit was fucking
ri-fucking-diculous”; 11:30 p.m.—two teenage girls in McDonald’s bitching about some woman they keep referring
to as “that old cunt.” And every time I see her, my friend says again that she never hears anything, not a single “fuck”
or “shit” or “damn.” And every time, I keep insisting: “You just need to know what to hear.”
How to read this book
So, how
do
Chinese keyboards work? The answer is
拼音
pīnyīn
(
peen yeen
), literally “spell sound.” A system for
the romanization of Chinese words using the Latin alphabet, it was adopted in 1979 by the Chinese government.
Students of Chinese as a second language start out by learning pinyin and pinyin pronunciation, as do Chinese
schoolchildren. And road signs in China often depict pinyin beneath the Chinese characters.
Using pinyin, the word for “me,”
我
, can also be written
wŏ
(pronounced
wuh
). That symbol over the
o
is a tone
mark; there are four different marks each representing one of the four different tones—first tone, second tone, third
tone, and fourth tone—that may be used to pronounce each Chinese syllable. (Because it is so cumbersome to type
pinyin with the tone marks in place, people often leave them out or stick the tone number behind the syllable, as in
“wo3.”)
Typing in Chinese is done using pinyin. It’s a cumbersome process because Chinese has a huge number of
homonyms. Thus, the way most character input systems work, to type
我
you type in
wo
, and then a window pops up
showing the huge range of characters that are all pronounced
wuh
. You scroll through, and when you get to the right
one, you hit enter and the character is typed on the screen. It’s a slow process, and should you ever find yourself
working an office job in China, your Chinese coworkers will be mightily impressed by how quickly you’re able to
type in English.
There was once a time when pinyin was a contender to replace the character-based Chinese writing system
altogether, but that never really panned out, and the government settled for simplifying many notoriously
hard-to-write traditional characters into what is known as simplified Chinese, the writing system used in mainland
China, as opposed to traditional Chinese, which is still used in Taiwan, Macao, and Hong Kong).
The words in this book are all presented in three different ways. First I give the simplified Chinese characters for
the term. Then appears the pinyin, in bold, with tone marks. Then, for those who are new to Chinese and have not yet
learned pinyin, I have written out, in italics and parenthesized, the word’s phonetic pronunciation (although pinyin
uses the Latin alphabet, the letters do not correspond to English pronunciation, so you won’t be able to pronounce
pinyin without having studied it first).
As mentioned, the words in this book are all given in simplified Chinese. There are, however, a very few
instances when I list a slang term that is only used in Taiwan, in which case I also give the traditional characters,
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13. 5. 2010 23:56
since Taiwan still uses the old character system.
You’ll notice that most of the terms in this book can be used throughout Mandarin-speaking China, but because I
live in Beijing, words specific to Beijing and northern China in general are a bit more well-represented than southern
and Taiwanese terms. However, as the capital of China, Beijing is used as the national standard and has an
inordinate amount of influence; thus a great deal of Beijing slang winds up spreading throughout the country. In any
case, rest assured that you won’t find yourself using southern terms with an uncomprehending northerner, or vice
versa, as I have taken care to indicate whenever a term is native to just one part of China.
I have also been careful to note how strong or vulgar the insults and swear words are, and to situate the words
within the appropriate context. After all, we don’t want to unleash, onto the unsuspecting Chinese populace, readers
armed with utterly inappropriate words for inappropriate situations. With this book you won’t unwittingly yell, “You
poopie head!” at the son of a bitch who grabs your ass while walking down the street or shout, “Motherfucking cunt!”
when you stub your toe in front of a sweet old grandmother.
You should also be aware that many of the terms in this book are almost exclusively spoken, and never written,
and thus may not have a set way of being expressed in characters—especially if the word originated out of a
non-Mandarin dialect. Fortunately, the Internet has given people a reason to agree on ways to write various
colloquial expressions, and so I have managed to give the most commonly used characters for every term in this
book. But, especially with a few of the extremely localized words, you may find that not everyone will agree with the
written form given or even know of a way to write the word.
And finally, it’s worth keeping in mind that alternative subcultures haven’t permeated Chinese society as
thoroughly as they have in the West, where everyone knows about once-underground ideas like hip-hop and gay
culture and surfers and stoners—the margins of society from which much slang is born. For this reason, entire
sections of this book are filled with terminology that your average, mainstream Chinese will have never heard. At the
least, you will in most cases need to be talking to someone from a certain subculture for them to know the words
associated with that scene.
And now, as Chinese spectators at sports games or encouraging parents might yell,
加油
!
jiāyóu!
(
jah yo
).
Literally “refuel” or “add gasoline,” it also means “let’s go!”
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13. 5. 2010 23:56
Cow Pussy, Yes, Cow Pussy
L
et’s begin with . . . cow pussy. Or rather,
牛
屄
niúbī
(
nyoo bee
), which literally translates to “cow pussy” but
means “fuckin’ awesome” or “badass” or “really fuckin’ cool.” Sometimes it means something more like “big” and
“powerful,” and sometimes it can have the slightly more negative meaning of “bragging” or “braggart” or “being
audacious,” but most of the time it means “fuckin’ awesome.”
The etymology of
niúbī
is unknown. Some say the idea is that a cow’s pussy is really big, so things that are
similarly impressive are called cow cunts. Others say that it stems from the expression
吹牛皮
chuī niúpí
(
chway
nyoo pee
), which literally translates to “blow up ox hide” and also connotes bragging or a braggart (someone who
can blow a lot of air). In fact, the word for bragging is the first part of that phrase,
吹牛
chuīniú
(
chway nyoo
). Once
upon a time (and you can still see this done today in countries like Pakistan), people made rafts out of animal hides
that had to be blown up with air so they would float. Such an activity obviously required one mighty powerful set of
lungs, and so it is thought that
niúbī
derives from
chuī niúpí
both because of the association with power and bigness
and because the two expressions rhyme.
Some people merely use the shortened
牛
niú
(
nyoo
)—that is, the cow minus the cunt—to mean “awesome” or
“great.” Unlike
niúbī
, saying
niú
is not really vulgar, much like saying “that sucks” instead of “that fuckin’ sucks
dick.”
Despite its generally positive meaning,
niúbī
is a dirty, dirty word—dirty enough that the character for “pussy” or
“cunt,”
屄
bī
(
bee
), was removed from the Chinese character set years ago and cannot be typed on most computers.
Your average Chinese doesn’t even know how to write it; others do but choose not to write the real character
because it is so dirty. When people use the word
niúbī
online, they often write
牛
B or NB because
N
and
B
are the
first letters of the pinyin syllables
niú
and
bī
. Roman letters are frequently used in this way, as informal
abbreviations of Chinese words. For example, Beijing is often abbreviated BJ, and Shanghai SH, as it is easier than
typing out the Chinese characters, which can be a somewhat arduous process.
You’ll also often see
niúbī
written
牛比
or
牛逼
instead of
牛
屄
. The characters
比
and
逼
are homonyms of
屄
;
they have completely different meanings but are also pronounced
bee
, and so they are used as stand-ins. Chinese has
a huge number of homonyms—syllables that sound the same but have different meanings—and as you’ll see with
many of the terms throughout this book, this makes for a lot of wordplay and puns.
Niúbī
started out as Beijing slang but has spread enough that it is fairly ubiquitous throughout the country, in
particular at any event involving a large population of punk rockers, hip young Chinese, or your average,
beer-drinking man. Rock shows and soccer matches are especially prime hot spots. A really hot band or a
particularly impressive sports move is
太牛
屄
tài niúbī
(
tie nyoo bee
), “too fuckin’ awesome,” or
真牛
屄
zhēn
niúbī
(d
zen nyoo bee
), “really fuckin’ awesome,” or—my own favorite construction—
牛
屄
死了
niúbī sĭ le
(
nyoo
bee sih luh
), which literally translates “fuckin’ awesome to the point of death.”
Those last few phrases point to one of the most satisfying things about the Chinese language: the modular way that
everything—characters, words, phrases, sentences—is constructed. In that last phrase,
niúbī sĭ le
, the individual
component
死
sĭ
(
sih
) is itself a word meaning “die” or “death.” Adding the larger component
死了
sĭ le
(
sih luh
)
after an adjective is a common way of amping up the meaning of the adjective. So we can swap out
niúbī
and plug
other words into the phrase—for example
饿
è
(
uh
), which means “hungry.” If you are
饿
死了
è sĭ le
(
uh sih luh
),
you are absolutely starving; that is, “hungry to the point of death.”
Almost every syllable in Chinese is itself a word, and larger words are constructed by simply linking these
syllables together. The result is a remarkably logical language in which the components of a word often explain, very
literally, the meaning of that word. Thus a telephone is
电话
diànhuà
(
dyinn hwah
), literally “electric speech,” and a
humidifier is
加湿器
jiāshīqì
(
jah shih chee
), literally “add wetness device.” (That said, you shouldn’t get too
preoccupied with the literal meaning of every single word, as the components of a word may also be chosen for
reasons unrelated to its meaning, such as pronunciation.)
Individual Chinese characters (that is, the symbols that make up Chinese writing) tend to be modular as well,
composed of discrete components (or “radicals”) that may carry their own meaning and that often help explain the
overall meaning of the character. The character for “pussy,”
屄
bī
(
bee
), for example, is constructed of the radical for
“body,”
尸
shī
(
sheuh
), and
穴
xuè
(
shreh
), meaning “hole” (which is why so many people are uncomfortable
writing the correct character for this word—it just
looks
incredibly dirty).
Thanks to the modularity of Chinese, a word like
niúbī
can be thought of as being constructed of two building
blocks (“cow” and “pussy”) that can be taken apart and combined with other building blocks to make new (and often
impressively logical) words. Thus on the “cow” side, we have words like:
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13. 5. 2010 23:52
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