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  • Essential-Idioms-In-English---Phrasal-Verbs-And-Collocations, Nauka, język angielski

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    Longman
    Essential Idioms
    in English
    Robert J. Dixson
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     ESSENTIAL IDIOMS IN ENGLISH by ROBERT J. DIXSON
    FOREWORD
    Idiomatic expressions have long played an important role in the English
    language. In fact, the use of idioms is so widespread that an understanding of
    these expressions is essential to successful communication, whether in
    listening, speaking, reading, or writing.
    The student may learn grammar and, with time, acquire adequate vocabulary,
    but without a working knowledge of such idioms as above all, to get along, on
    the whole, to look up, etc., even the best student's speech will remain awkward
    and ordinary.
    Of course, the idioms selected for study should have practical value and be
    within the student's ability to comprehend. Such expressions as
    to set the
    world on fire
    or
    to wash one's dirty laundry in public
    may be very colorful,
    but they do little to help the student achieve fluency in English.
    Teachers of English have long recognized that idiomatic expressions add grace
    and exactness to the language. The alert teacher will make their study an
    integral part of the teaching process. However, learning such expressions is
    never an easy task for the student learning English as a second or foreign
    language. Attempts to translate literally from the student's native tongue
    usually lead to roundabout expression of meaning and, more often, to
    confusion.
    For this reason, only basic idioms have been included in this book,
    appropriately named
    Essential Idioms in English
    ,
    New Edition
    . Furthermore,
    it was decided not to burden the student with discussion of the origins of
    idioms. There is no need to define the exact nature of an idiom except to
    assume that it is a phrase that has a meaning different from the meanings of
    its individual parts. This helps to explain why it is often difficult to translate
    an idiom from one language to another without incurring some change in
    meaning or usage.
    For the purposes of this book, two-word verbs are included in the general
    category of idioms. A two-word verb is a verb whose meaning is altered by he
    addition of a particle (a preposition used with a verb to form an idiomatic
    expression.) to look, for example, may become to look up or to look over, each
    having its own special meaning. When a two-word verb can be separated by a
    noun or pronoun, the symbol (
    S
    ) for separable is inserted in the definition.
    Sentences illustrating both separable and nonseparable forms are included in
    the examples.
    Experienced ESL and EFL teachers will agree, for the most part, with the
    selection of idioms in this text. However, it should be recognized that any
    selection is somewhat arbitrary because the range is so great. Some teachers
    might prefer to omit certain idioms and to add others not included, but all
    should appreciate the attempt to make
    Essential idioms in English
    ,
    New
    Edition
    as representative as possible.
    PRENTICE HALL REGENTS
    Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
    07632
    - 1 -
    ESSENTIAL IDIOMS IN ENGLISH by ROBERT J. DIXSON
    Mention should be made of a unique feature that adds to the usefulness of this
    book: Appendix II is a listing of the idioms in the text with their equivalents in
    Spanish, French, and German. Having these equivalents should give the
    student a surer grasp of the meaning of the English idioms and greater
    confidence in using them.
    This fourth revision of
    Essential Idioms in English
    ,
    New Edition
    has
    undergone several important changes. The text has been restored to the
    original three-section format: Elementary (lessons 1-13), Intermediate (lesion
    14-27), and Advanced (lessons 28-39). As would be expected, new idioms have
    been included and outdated idioms have been removed. Lessons in all sections
    review and build upon idioms introduced in earlier lessons. In some cases,
    notes that explain special usage or meaning are provided after the definitions,
    and related idiomatic forms are listed. New types of exercises provide greater
    variety in activity from one section to another. Finally, there is an answer key
    in the back of the book for all multiple-choice, matching, true-false, and fill-
    in-the-blank exercises.
    SECTION ONE --- ELEMENTARY
    LESSON 1
    to get in
    /
    to get on
    : to enter or to board a vehicle
    To get in
    is used for cars;
    to get on
    is used for all other forms of transportation.
    o
    It's easiest
    to get in
    the car from the driver's side. The door on the other
    side doesn't work well.
    o
    I always
    get on
    the bus to work at 34
    th
    Street.
    to get out of
    /
    to get off
    : to leave or to descend from a vehicle.
    To get out of
    is used for cars;
    to get off
    is used for all other forms of
    transportation.
    o
    Why don't we stop and
    get out of
    the car for a while?
    o
    Helen
    got off
    the train at the 42
    nd
    Street terminal.
    to put on
    : to place on oneself (usually said of clothes) (
    S
    )
    o
    Mary
    put on
    her coat and left the room.
    o
    Put
    your hat
    on
    before you leave the house.
    to take off
    : to remove (usually said of clothes) (
    S
    )
    o
    John
    took off
    his jacket as he entered the office.
    o
    Take
    your sweater
    off
    . The room is very warm.
    to call up
    : to telephone (also:
    to give some one a call
    ) (
    S
    )
    To call
    can be used instead of
    to call up
    , as in the first example below.
    o
    I forgot to
    call up
    Mr. Jones yesterday. I'd better
    call
    him now.
    o
    Call
    me
    up
    tomorrow, Jane. We'll arrange a time to have lunch together.
    o
    I promise to
    give you a call
    as soon as I arrive in New York.
    PRENTICE HALL REGENTS
    Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
    07632
    - 2 -
    ESSENTIAL IDIOMS IN ENGLISH by ROBERT J. DIXSON
    to turn on
    : to start or cause to function (also:
    to switch on
    ) (
    S
    )
    o
    Please
    turn on
    the light; it's too dark in here.
    o
    Do you know who
    turned
    the air conditioning
    on
    ?
    to turn off
    : to cause to stop functioning (also: to switch off, to shut off) (
    S
    )
    Turn on
    and
    turn off
    , as well as their related forms, are used for things that
    flow, such as electricity, water, gas, etc.
    o
    Please
    turn off
    the light when you leave the room.
    o
    Are you really listening to the radio, or should I
    turn
    it
    off
    ?
    right away
    : very soon; immediately (also:
    at once
    )
    o
    Dad says that dinner will be ready
    right away
    , so we'd better wash our
    hands and set the table.
    o
    Tell Will to come to my office
    right away
    . I must see him immediately.
    o
    Stop playing that loud music
    at once
    !
    to pick up
    : to lift form the floor, table, etc., with one's fingers (
    S
    )
    o
    Harry
    picked up
    the newspaper that was on the front doorstep.
    o
    Could you
    pick
    your toy
    up
    before someone falls over it?
    sooner or later
    : eventually, after a period of time
    o
    If you study English seriously,
    sooner or later
    you'll become fluent.
    o
    I'm too tired to do my homework now; I'm sure I'll do it
    sooner or later
    .
    to get up
    : to arise, to rise from a bed; to make someone arise (
    S
    )
    For the last definition a noun phrase must separate the verb and particle.
    o
    Carla
    gets up
    at seven o'clock every morning.
    o
    At what time should we
    get
    the children
    up
    tomorrow?
    at first
    : in the beginning, originally
    o
    At first
    English was difficult for him, but later he made great progress.
    o
    I thought
    at first
    that it was Sheila calling, but then I realized that it
    was Betty.
    LESSON 2
    to dress up
    : to wear formal clothes, to dress very nicely
    o
    We should definitely
    dress up
    to go to the theater.
    o
    You don't have to
    dress up
    for Mike's party.
    at last
    : finally, after a long time.
    o
    We waited for hours and then the train arrived
    at last
    .
    o
    Now that I am sixteen,
    at last
    I can drive my parents' car.
    as usual
    : as is the general case, as is typical
    o
    George is late for class
    as usual
    . This seems to happen every day.
    o
    As usual
    , Dora received first prize in the swimming contest. It's the
    third consecutive year that she has won.
    to find out
    : get information about, to determine (
    S
    )
    PRENTICE HALL REGENTS
    Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
    07632
    - 3 -
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