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Essential Idioms in English, Idioms - Phrasal Verbs - Prepositions - Collocations - Slang Language
[ Pobierz całość w formacie PDF ]ESSENTIAL IDIOMS IN ENGLISH by ROBERT J. DIXSON
FOREWORD
Idiomatic expressions have long played an important role in the English
language. In fact, the use of idioms is so widespread that an understanding of
these expressions is essential to successful communication, whether in
listening, speaking, reading, or writing.
The student may learn grammar and, with time, acquire adequate vocabulary,
but without a working knowledge of such idioms as above all, to get along, on
the whole, to look up, etc., even the best student's speech will remain awkward
and ordinary.
Of course, the idioms selected for study should have practical value and be
within the student's ability to comprehend. Such expressions as
to set the
world on fire
or
to wash one's dirty laundry in public
may be very colorful,
but they do little to help the student achieve fluency in English.
Teachers of English have long recognized that idiomatic expressions add grace
and exactness to the language. The alert teacher will make their study an
integral part of the teaching process. However, learning such expressions is
never an easy task for the student learning English as a second or foreign
language. Attempts to translate literally from the student's native tongue
usually lead to roundabout expression of meaning and, more often, to
confusion.
For this reason, only basic idioms have been included in this book,
appropriately named
Essential Idioms in English
,
New Edition
. Furthermore,
it was decided not to burden the student with discussion of the origins of
idioms. There is no need to define the exact nature of an idiom except to
assume that it is a phrase that has a meaning different from the meanings of
its individual parts. This helps to explain why it is often difficult to translate
an idiom from one language to another without incurring some change in
meaning or usage.
For the purposes of this book, two-word verbs are included in the general
category of idioms. A two-word verb is a verb whose meaning is altered by he
addition of a particle (a preposition used with a verb to form an idiomatic
expression.) to look, for example, may become to look up or to look over, each
having its own special meaning. When a two-word verb can be separated by a
noun or pronoun, the symbol (
S
) for separable is inserted in the definition.
Sentences illustrating both separable and nonseparable forms are included in
the examples.
Experienced ESL and EFL teachers will agree, for the most part, with the
selection of idioms in this text. However, it should be recognized that any
selection is somewhat arbitrary because the range is so great. Some teachers
might prefer to omit certain idioms and to add others not included, but all
should appreciate the attempt to make
Essential idioms in English
,
New
Edition
as representative as possible.
PRENTICE HALL REGENTS
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
07632
- 1 -
ESSENTIAL IDIOMS IN ENGLISH by ROBERT J. DIXSON
Mention should be made of a unique feature that adds to the usefulness of this
book: Appendix II is a listing of the idioms in the text with their equivalents in
Spanish, French, and German. Having these equivalents should give the
student a surer grasp of the meaning of the English idioms and greater
confidence in using them.
This fourth revision of
Essential Idioms in English
,
New Edition
has
undergone several important changes. The text has been restored to the
original three-section format: Elementary (lessons 1-13), Intermediate (lesion
14-27), and Advanced (lessons 28-39). As would be expected, new idioms have
been included and outdated idioms have been removed. Lessons in all sections
review and build upon idioms introduced in earlier lessons. In some cases,
notes that explain special usage or meaning are provided after the definitions,
and related idiomatic forms are listed. New types of exercises provide greater
variety in activity from one section to another. Finally, there is an answer key
in the back of the book for all multiple-choice, matching, true-false, and fill-
in-the-blank exercises.
SECTION ONE --- ELEMENTARY
LESSON 1
to get in
/
to get on
: to enter or to board a vehicle
To get in
is used for cars;
to get on
is used for all other forms of transportation.
o
It's easiest
to get in
the car from the driver's side. The door on the other
side doesn't work well.
o
I always
get on
the bus to work at 34
th
Street.
to get out of
/
to get off
: to leave or to descend from a vehicle.
To get out of
is used for cars;
to get off
is used for all other forms of
transportation.
o
Why don't we stop and
get out of
the car for a while?
o
Helen
got off
the train at the 42
nd
Street terminal.
to put on
: to place on oneself (usually said of clothes) (
S
)
o
Mary
put on
her coat and left the room.
o
Put
your hat
on
before you leave the house.
to take off
: to remove (usually said of clothes) (
S
)
o
John
took off
his jacket as he entered the office.
o
Take
your sweater
off
. The room is very warm.
to call up
: to telephone (also:
to give some one a call
) (
S
)
To call
can be used instead of
to call up
, as in the first example below.
o
I forgot to
call up
Mr. Jones yesterday. I'd better
call
him now.
o
Call
me
up
tomorrow, Jane. We'll arrange a time to have lunch together.
o
I promise to
give you a call
as soon as I arrive in New York.
PRENTICE HALL REGENTS
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
07632
- 2 -
ESSENTIAL IDIOMS IN ENGLISH by ROBERT J. DIXSON
to turn on
: to start or cause to function (also:
to switch on
) (
S
)
o
Please
turn on
the light; it's too dark in here.
o
Do you know who
turned
the air conditioning
on
?
to turn off
: to cause to stop functioning (also: to switch off, to shut off) (
S
)
Turn on
and
turn off
, as well as their related forms, are used for things that
flow, such as electricity, water, gas, etc.
o
Please
turn off
the light when you leave the room.
o
Are you really listening to the radio, or should I
turn
it
off
?
right away
: very soon; immediately (also:
at once
)
o
Dad says that dinner will be ready
right away
, so we'd better wash our
hands and set the table.
o
Tell Will to come to my office
right away
. I must see him immediately.
o
Stop playing that loud music
at once
!
to pick up
: to lift form the floor, table, etc., with one's fingers (
S
)
o
Harry
picked up
the newspaper that was on the front doorstep.
o
Could you
pick
your toy
up
before someone falls over it?
sooner or later
: eventually, after a period of time
o
If you study English seriously,
sooner or later
you'll become fluent.
o
I'm too tired to do my homework now; I'm sure I'll do it
sooner or later
.
to get up
: to arise, to rise from a bed; to make someone arise (
S
)
For the last definition a noun phrase must separate the verb and particle.
o
Carla
gets up
at seven o'clock every morning.
o
At what time should we
get
the children
up
tomorrow?
at first
: in the beginning, originally
o
At first
English was difficult for him, but later he made great progress.
o
I thought
at first
that it was Sheila calling, but then I realized that it
was Betty.
LESSON 2
to dress up
: to wear formal clothes, to dress very nicely
o
We should definitely
dress up
to go to the theater.
o
You don't have to
dress up
for Mike's party.
at last
: finally, after a long time.
o
We waited for hours and then the train arrived
at last
.
o
Now that I am sixteen,
at last
I can drive my parents' car.
as usual
: as is the general case, as is typical
o
George is late for class
as usual
. This seems to happen every day.
o
As usual
, Dora received first prize in the swimming contest. It's the
third consecutive year that she has won.
to find out
: get information about, to determine (
S
)
PRENTICE HALL REGENTS
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
07632
- 3 -
ESSENTIAL IDIOMS IN ENGLISH by ROBERT J. DIXSON
This idiom is separable only when a pronoun is used, as in the second example.
o
Will you please try to
find out
what time the airplane arrives?
o
I'll call right now to
find
it
out
.
to look at
: give one's attention to; to watch
o
The teacher told us to look at the blackboard and not at our books.
o
I like to walk along a country road at night and look at the stars.
to look for
: to try to find, to search for
An adverb phrase such as
all over
can be put between the verb and
preposition, as in the second example, however, the idiom cannot be
separated by a noun or pronoun.
o
He's spent over an hour
looking for
the pen that he lost.
o
So there you are! We've
looked
allover
for
you.
all right
: acceptable, fine; yes, okay
This idiom can also be spelled
alright
in informal usage.
o
He said that it would be
all right
to wait in her office until she returned.
o
Do you want me to turn off the TV?
Alright
, if you insist.
all along
: all the time, from the beginning (without change)
o
She knew
all along
that we'd never agree with his plan.
o
You're smiling! Did you know
all along
that I'd give you a birthday
present?
little by little
: gradually, slowly (also:
step by step
)
o
Karen's health seems to be improving
little by little
.
o
If you study regularly each day,
step by step
your vocabulary will
increase.
to tire out
: to make very weary due to difficult conditions or hard effort (also:
to wear out
) (
S
)
o
The hot weather
tired out
the runners in the marathon.
o
Does studying for final exams wear you out? It makes me feel
worn out
!
to call on
: to ask for a response from; to visit (also:
to drop in on
)
o
Jose didn't know the answer when the teacher
called on
him.
o
Last night several friends
called on
us at our home.
o
Shy don't we
drop in on
Sally a little later?
never mind
: don't be concerned about it; ignore what was just said
o
When he spilled his drink on my coat, I said, "
Never mind
. It needs to
be cleaned anyway."
o
So you weren't listening to me again.
Never mind
; it wasn't important.
LESSON 3
to pick out
: to choose, to select (
S
)
o
Ann
picked out
a good book to give to her brother as a graduation gift.
o
Johnny, if you want me to buy you a toy, then
pick
one
out
now.
PRENTICE HALL REGENTS
Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey
07632
- 4 -
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